/*!
 * @file self.h
 * @brief Contains a class for implementing a reference mechanism which allows
 *     variables referencing to another object anytime.
 *
 * @author cathook
 */

#ifndef __MEOWPP_UTILITY_SELF_H__
#define __MEOWPP_UTILITY_SELF_H__

#include <cstdlib>

namespace meow {


/*!
 * @brief An implementation for the reference mechanism.
 *
 * Some example code:
 * @code{.cpp}
 * #include <meowpp/utility/self.h>
 *
 * class A {
 *  private:
 *
 *   // Data members of this class.  You can also move the methods of class A
 *   // into this structure if you like.
 *   struct DataMember {
 *     int var1;
 *     int var2;
 *     int counter;
 *
 *     // The constructor "Self<DataMember>::Self()" will call the constructor
 *     // "DataMember::DataMember()"
 *     DataMember() : var1(0), var2(0), counter(0) {}
 *
 *     // The constructor "Self<DataMember>::Self(DataMember const&)" will call
 *     // the constructor "DataMember::DataMember(DataMember const&)"
 *     DataMember(DataMember const& b) :
 *         var1(b.var1), var2(b.var2), counter(0) {}
 *
 *     // Customize constructor.
 *     DataMember(int var1_init_value) :
 *         var1(var1_init_value), var2(0), counter(0) {}
 *
 *     // Destructor, will be called when nobody references to it.
 *     ~DataMember() {}
 *
 *     // The "Self<DataMember>::CopyFrom(Self<DataMember> const&)" will call
 *     // "DataMember::CopyFrom(DataMember const&)" to copy data.
 *     DataMember const& CopyFrom(DataMember const& b) {
 *       var1 = b.var1;
 *       var2 = b.var2;
 *     }
 *   };
 *
 *   meow::Self<DataMember> const self_;  // Use constant type to reduce the
 *                                        // protential error caused by typing
 *                                        // wrong.
 *
 *  public:
 *
 *   // Here the "Self<DataMember>::Self()" will be called.
 *   A() {}
 *
 *   // Notice! "Self<DataMember>::Self(Self const& another_self)" will let
 *   // itself reference to the gived object instead of creating a new one.
 *   // So here the copy constructor will not copy from the gived object, it
 *   // will just reference from it.
 *   A(A const& another_class_a) : self_(another_class_a.self_) {}
 *
 *   // Customize constructor.
 *   A(int var1_init_value) : self_(DataMember(var1_init_value)) {}
 *
 *   // You don't need to call some extra function in destructor, because
 *   // there's a counter in the Self class.
 *   ~A() {}
 *
 *   // A constant method.
 *   int GetVar1() const {
 *     return self_->var1;  // Use the operator "->" to access the address of
 *                          // the DataMember.  Because we declare self_ be a
 *                          // constant type, here "self_->var1" will also be
 *                          // a constant.
 *   }
 *
 *   // A non-constant method.
 *   void SetVar1(int new_value) {
 *     int old_value = self_->var1;
 *     self_()->var1 = new_value;  // Use operator "()" (i.e.  self_()) to
 *                                 // access the object with non-constant type,
 *                                 // so here "self_()->var1" will be a
 *                                 // non-constant variable.
 *     if (old_value != new_value) {
 *       self_()->var2 = old_value;
 *       //self_->var2 = old_value;  // !! It cause an error because operator "()"
 *                                   // is missed if you want to modify the member
 *                                   // in the DataMember.
 *     }
 *   }
 *
 *   int GetVar2() const {
 *     self_()->counter += 1;  // !! It will not cause an error.  Actually,
 *                             // the "const" keyword of a method will become
 *                             // more meanless, because inside the method, you
 *                             // can just use self_-> or self_()-> to determind
 *                             // whether you want to access the DataMember in
 *                             // constant mode or not.  It might be dangerous
 *                             // but giving developer more flexable.
 *     return self_->var2;
 *   }
 * };
 * @endcode
 */
template<typename SelfType>
class Self {
 private:
  struct Body {
    int counter;
    SelfType body;

    Body() : counter(1) {}
    Body(SelfType const& arg_another_body) :
        counter(1), body(arg_another_body) {}
  };

  Body* body_;

  /*!
   * @brief Attaches to another body.
   * @param arg_another_body Pointer to another body.
   */
  void Attach(Body* arg_another_body) {
    body_ = arg_another_body;
    body_->counter += 1;
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Detaches from the current body.
   */
  void Detach() {
    body_->counter -= 1;
    if (body_->counter == 0) {
      delete body_;
    }
  }
 public:
  /*!
   * @brief Creates a new one.
   */
  Self() : body_(new Body()) {}

  /*!
   * @brief Creates a new one with specifying a initial value for SelfType
   *     object.
   * @param arg_body The initial value of the SelfType object.
   */
  Self(SelfType const& arg_body) : body_(new Body(arg_body)) {}

  /*!
   * @brief References from another one.
   *
   * @param arg_another_self Another Self object.
   */
  Self(Self const& arg_another_self) { Attach(arg_another_self.body_); }

  /*!
   * @brief Detatches.
   *
   * It will automatically clear the SelfType object when no one refernece from
   * it.
   */
  ~Self() { Detach(); }

  /*!
   * @brief References from another Self object.
   * @param arg_another_self Another Self object.
   */
  Self const& ReferenceFrom(Self const& arg_another_self) {
    Detach();
    Attach(arg_another_self.body_);
    return *this;
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Copies the data in SelfType object from another Self object.
   * @param arg_another_self Another Self object.
   */
  Self const& CopyFrom(Self const& arg_another_self) {
    body_->body.CopyFrom(arg_another_self.body_->body);
    return *this;
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Creates a copy one of itself.
   */
  Self Copy() const { return Self(body_->body); }

  /*!
   * @brief Checks whether the gived instance of Self references
   *     from the same SelfType with me or not.
   * @param arg_another_self Another instance of Self.
   * @return true if we references from the same thing.
   */
  bool Is(Self const& arg_another_self) const {
    return (body_ == arg_another_self.body_);
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Access the instance of SelfType by address
   */
  SelfType* operator->() {
    return &(body_->body);
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Access the instance of SelfType by constant address
   */
  SelfType const* operator->() const {
    return &(body_->body);
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Access itself in non-constant mode.
   */
  Self& operator()() const {
    return *const_cast<Self*>(this);
  }

  /*!
   * @brief Disallows the "operator=" so develops need to explicitly use
   *     CopyFrom/RefernceFrom.
   */
  Self& operator=(Self const& b);

#ifdef MEOWPP_UTILITY_SELF_TESTING
  friend class SelfTest;
#endif  // MEOWPP_UTILITY_SELF_TESTING
};

}  // meow

#endif  // __MEOWPP_UTILITY_SELF_H__